Abstract
In this review of the botanical, ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological, chemical and pharmacological literature available concernig the Amazonian plant Picrolemma sprucei Hook. f. (Simaroubaceae), the different biological activities attributed by traditional medicine and scientific studies are emphasized. Special emphasis is given to the status emphasis is given to the status of knowledge of the principal chemical components (quassinoids) found in this plant species: sergeolide (1), neosergeolide (5), isobrucein B (2) and 15-deacetylsergeolide which include antimalarial, acute toxic, antitumor, cytotoxic, antifeedant, larvicidal/insecticidal and phytotoxic properties. A discussion of the important derivatives (natural and semi-synthetic) and their biological activities intends to reveal the potential of this plant as a source of highly bioactive quassinoids for structural and activity medicinal chemistry studies, as well as the potential of P. sprucei as a source of extracts for phytotherapeutic use.