Abstract
ABSTRACT
Piper hispidum Sw., popularly known in some regions as "pimenta-de-macaco" (monkey pepper), has a history of traditional use in Brazil for various purposes, especially related to the genitourinary system, inflammations, and liver problems. The leaves are used in baths or teas for vaginal discharge, cystitis, liver congestion, and uterine prolapse, while the roots are employed for urethral discharge. Phytochemical studies reveal the presence of various active metabolites, including amides (e.g., piperine), flavonoids (chalcones), butenolides (piperolides), essential oils (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), and phenylpropanoids. These compounds demonstrate antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, estrogenic, and serotoninergic activities, which may justify the traditional use as an astringent and deobstruent. Despite promising preclinical evidence, the absence of robust clinical trials in humans highlights the need for caution in therapeutic use.