Respostas fisiológicas de Theobroma cacao L. submetidas ao alagamento por longos períodos

Bruno Eustáquio Cirilo Silva; Marlinda Rufina Jolomba Silva

doi:10.32712/2446-4775.2024.1325

Physiological responses of Theobroma cacao L. subjected to flooding for long periods

Vol. 18 (2024)
e1325
22/08/2021
11/12/2024
https://doi.org/10.32712/2446-4775.2024.1325

Teather Bruno Eustáquio Cirilo Silva
Teacher Marlinda Rufina Jolomba Silva

Keywords

Flooding

Phosynthetic yield

Fluorescence

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses of cocoa plants (Theobroma cacao L.) subjected to water stress under flooding in different periods. The study was conducted in a greenhouse at the Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (INCAPER), located in Linhares-Es. The cultivars used for Theobroma cacao L. were cocoa varieties CCN 51 and TSH 1188, the first being used as a scion and the second as a rootstock. The experiment was carried out with cocoa seedlings under stress in a flooded environment, arranged in buckets and submerged in water, under different time conditions. Readings were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 days of flooding. Measurements of net CO₂ assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration and water use efficiency were performed, all using IRGA. The treatment 2 days after flooding did not differ from the control treatment (without flooding), while in the treatment 4 DAA there was a reduction in the net CO₂ assimilation content. Plants flooded for 8 days showed lenticel growth, showing an attempt to alleviate environmental conditions. There was no interference by flooding in the PI and PII photosystems; the photosynthetic apparatus remained stable.

References

Hansen DS. Cultura do cacau. 2017.
Teixeira Neto E, Pigatto GA, Lourenzani AEBS. Produção de cacau com Indicação Geográfica (IG) na região de Linhares/ES: aspectos de governança e qualidade. Rev Bras Gestão Desenv Reg. 2018; 14(3): 194-2018. [https://www.rbgdr.net/revista/index.php/rbgdr/article/view/3811/691].
Brasil. Ministério da Economia. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. Banco de dados agregados. SIDRA. [acesso em: 29 jun. 2018]. Disponível em: [https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/indicadores/agropecuaria/lspa/defaulttab.shtm].
Braga PCS. Respostas fisiológicas de Theobroma cacao L. a diferentes concentrações de ferro sob alagamento. Vitória. 2016. Dissertação de Mestrado. [Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal]. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, UFES, Vitória. ES. 2016. [https://bdtd.ibict.br/vufind/Record/UFES_92c451ce8b8e983182e81c4eef8878f7].
Drew MC. Oxygen deficiency and root metabolism: injury and acclimation under hypoxia and anoxia. Annual Rev Pl Biol. 1997; 48(1): 223-250. [https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.223].
Perbonii EGMAT, De Oliveira PV, Bacarini VJBM. A. Atividade fotossintética em plantas de ameixeira submetidas ao déficit hídrico e ao alagamento. Ciênc Rural. 2013; 43(1): [https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782012005000126].
Kozlowski TT. Responses of woody plants to flooding and salinity. Tree Physiology Monograph. 1997; 1: 1–29. [https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.7.490].
Rehem BC. Respostas fisiológicas de clones de Theobroma cacao L. ao alagamento do substrato. Ilhéus. 2006. 79f. Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, 2006.
Pezeshki SR. Wetland plant responses to soil flooding. Envir Exper Bot. 2001; 46: 299-312. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(01)00107-1].
Sena ARG, Kozlowski TT. The effects of flooding on water relations and growth of Theobroma cacao var. Catongo seedlings. J Horticult Sci. 1986; 61: 265-276. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1986.11515700].
Rehem BC, Almeida AAF, Mielke MS, Gomes FP, Valle RR. Photosynthetic and growth responses of Theobroma cacao L. clones to Water logging. J Trop Agric. 2010; 48: 17-22. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275029978_Photosynthetic_and_growth_responses_of_Theobroma_cacao_L_Clones_to_waterlogging].
Medri ME, José AEB, Colli S, Muller C. Estudos sobre tolerância ao alagamento em espécies arbóreas nativas da bacia do rio Tibagi. Medri ME, Bianchini E, Shibatta AO, Pimenta JA. A bacia do rio Tibagi. Londrina: Copyright, p. 133-172, 2002.
Bertolde FZ, Almeida AAF, Pirovani CP, Gomes FP, Ahnetr D, Baligar VC, et al. Physiological and biochemical responses of Theobroma cacao L. genotypes to flooding. Photosynthetica. 2012; 50(3): 447–457. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-012-0052-4].
Pezeshki SR. Differences in patterns of photosynthetic responses to hypoxia in flood-tolerant and flood-sensitive tree species. Photosynthetica. 1993; 28: 423-430.
Anderson ME, Gargar ML, Ramsey JC. Inhalation pharmacokinetics: Evaluating systemic extraction, total in vivo metabolism, and the time course of enzyme induction for inhaled styrene in rats based on arterial blood: inhaled air concentration ratios. Toxicol Applied Pharmacol. 1984; 73(1): 176-187. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(84)90065-6].
Davies FS, Flore JA. Flooding, gas exchange and hydraulic root conductivity of highbush blueberry. Physiol Plantarum. 1986; 67(4): 545-551. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1986.tb05053.x].
Schaffer B, Anderson PC, Ploetz RC. Responses of fruit crops to flooding. Hort Rev. 1992, 13: 257-313. [https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650509.ch7].
Mielke MS, Almeida AAF, Gomes FP, Aguilar MAG, Mangabeira PAO. Leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and growth responses of Genipa americana seedlings to soil flooding. Envir Exper Bot. 2003; 50: 221–231. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(03)00036-4].
Steudle E, Peterson CA. How does water get through roots. J Exper Bot. 1998; 49(322): 775-788. [https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/49.322.775].
Jones HG. Stomatal control of photosynthesis and transpiration. J Exper Bot. 1998; 49: 387-398. [https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/49.Special_Issue.387].
Lichtenthaler HK. Vegetation stress: an introduction to stress concepts in plants. J Pl Physiol. 1996; 148: 4-14. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(96)80287-2
Bjorkman O, Demming B. Photon yield de O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at 77 K among vascular plants of diverse origins. Planta. 1987; 170: 489-504. [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00402983].
Krause GH, Weis E. Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: the basis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 1991; 42: 313-349. [https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.42.060191.001525].
Oliveira HO, Castro GLS, Correa LO, Silvestre WVD, Nascimento SV, Valadares RBS, et al. Coupling physiological analysis with proteomic profile to understand the photosynthetic responses of Young Euterpe oleracea palms to drought. Photosynthesis Res. 2019; 140(2): 189-205. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-018-0597-6].
Bertolde FZ, Almeida AAF, Corrêa RX, Gomes FP, Gaiotto FA, Baligar VC et al. Molecular, physiological and morphological analysis of waterlogging tolerance in clonal genotypes of Theobroma cacao L. Tree Physiol. 2010; 30: 56–67. [https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpp101].
Parolin P, Junk WJ, Piedade MTF. Gas exchange of six tree species from Central Amazonian floodplains. Tropical Ecol. 2001; 42(1): 15-24. [https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/20928].
Waldhoff D, Furch B, Junk WJ. Fluorescence parameters, Chlorophyll concentration, and anatomical features as indicators for flood adaptation of an abundant tree species in Central Amazonia: Symmeria paniculata. Environ Exprimental Botany. 2002; 48: 225-235. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00037-0].
Rengifo E, Tezara W, Herrera A. Water relations, Chlorophyll a fluorescence, and contents of saccharides in tree species of a tropical forest in response to flood. Photosynthetica. 2005; 43: 203-210. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-005-0034-x].
Martinazzo EG, Perboni AT. Oliveira PV. Bianchi VJ. Bacarin MA. Atividade fotossintética em plantas de ameixeira submetidas ao déficit hídrico e ao alagamento. Ciênc Rural. 2013, 43(1): 35-41. [https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782012005000126].
Mercado-Luna A. Nitrogen determination on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings by color image analysis (RGB). Afric J Biotechnol. Lagos. Aug. 2013; 9(33): 5326-5332. [https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/92074].

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Author(s)

Teather Bruno Eustáquio Cirilo Silva
Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2840-2859
Teacher Marlinda Rufina Jolomba Silva
Federal University of Southern Bahia (UFBA)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-2479

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Physiological responses of Theobroma cacao L. subjected to flooding for long periods. Rev Fitos [Internet]. 2024 Dec. 11 [cited 2025 Jan. 24];18:e1325. Available from: https://revistafitos.far.fiocruz.br/index.php/revista-fitos/article/view/1325

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] Hansen DS. Cultura do cacau. 2017.

[2] Teixeira Neto E, Pigatto GA, Lourenzani AEBS. Produção de cacau com Indicação Geográfica (IG) na região de Linhares/ES: aspectos de governança e qualidade. Rev Bras Gestão Desenv Reg. 2018; 14(3): 194-2018. [https://www.rbgdr.net/revista/index.php/rbgdr/article/view/3811/691].

[3] Brasil. Ministério da Economia. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. Banco de dados agregados. SIDRA. [acesso em: 29 jun. 2018]. Disponível em: [https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/indicadores/agropecuaria/lspa/defaulttab.shtm].

[4] Braga PCS. Respostas fisiológicas de Theobroma cacao L. a diferentes concentrações de ferro sob alagamento. Vitória. 2016. Dissertação de Mestrado. [Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal]. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, UFES, Vitória. ES. 2016. [https://bdtd.ibict.br/vufind/Record/UFES_92c451ce8b8e983182e81c4eef8878f7].

[5] Drew MC. Oxygen deficiency and root metabolism: injury and acclimation under hypoxia and anoxia. Annual Rev Pl Biol. 1997; 48(1): 223-250. [https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.223].

[6] Perbonii EGMAT, De Oliveira PV, Bacarini VJBM. A. Atividade fotossintética em plantas de ameixeira submetidas ao déficit hídrico e ao alagamento. Ciênc Rural. 2013; 43(1): [https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782012005000126].

[7] Kozlowski TT. Responses of woody plants to flooding and salinity. Tree Physiology Monograph. 1997; 1: 1–29. [https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.7.490].

[8] Rehem BC. Respostas fisiológicas de clones de Theobroma cacao L. ao alagamento do substrato. Ilhéus. 2006. 79f. Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus-BA, 2006.

[9] Pezeshki SR. Wetland plant responses to soil flooding. Envir Exper Bot. 2001; 46: 299-312. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(01)00107-1].

[10] Sena ARG, Kozlowski TT. The effects of flooding on water relations and growth of Theobroma cacao var. Catongo seedlings. J Horticult Sci. 1986; 61: 265-276. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1986.11515700].

[11] Rehem BC, Almeida AAF, Mielke MS, Gomes FP, Valle RR. Photosynthetic and growth responses of Theobroma cacao L. clones to Water logging. J Trop Agric. 2010; 48: 17-22. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275029978_Photosynthetic_and_growth_responses_of_Theobroma_cacao_L_Clones_to_waterlogging].

[12] Medri ME, José AEB, Colli S, Muller C. Estudos sobre tolerância ao alagamento em espécies arbóreas nativas da bacia do rio Tibagi. Medri ME, Bianchini E, Shibatta AO, Pimenta JA. A bacia do rio Tibagi. Londrina: Copyright, p. 133-172, 2002.

[13] Bertolde FZ, Almeida AAF, Pirovani CP, Gomes FP, Ahnetr D, Baligar VC, et al. Physiological and biochemical responses of Theobroma cacao L. genotypes to flooding. Photosynthetica. 2012; 50(3): 447–457. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-012-0052-4].

[14] Pezeshki SR. Differences in patterns of photosynthetic responses to hypoxia in flood-tolerant and flood-sensitive tree species. Photosynthetica. 1993; 28: 423-430.

[15] Anderson ME, Gargar ML, Ramsey JC. Inhalation pharmacokinetics: Evaluating systemic extraction, total in vivo metabolism, and the time course of enzyme induction for inhaled styrene in rats based on arterial blood: inhaled air concentration ratios. Toxicol Applied Pharmacol. 1984; 73(1): 176-187. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(84)90065-6].

[16] Davies FS, Flore JA. Flooding, gas exchange and hydraulic root conductivity of highbush blueberry. Physiol Plantarum. 1986; 67(4): 545-551. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1986.tb05053.x].

[17] Schaffer B, Anderson PC, Ploetz RC. Responses of fruit crops to flooding. Hort Rev. 1992, 13: 257-313. [https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650509.ch7].

[18] Mielke MS, Almeida AAF, Gomes FP, Aguilar MAG, Mangabeira PAO. Leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and growth responses of Genipa americana seedlings to soil flooding. Envir Exper Bot. 2003; 50: 221–231. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(03)00036-4].

[19] Steudle E, Peterson CA. How does water get through roots. J Exper Bot. 1998; 49(322): 775-788. [https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/49.322.775].

[20] Jones HG. Stomatal control of photosynthesis and transpiration. J Exper Bot. 1998; 49: 387-398. [https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/49.Special_Issue.387].

[21] Lichtenthaler HK. Vegetation stress: an introduction to stress concepts in plants. J Pl Physiol. 1996; 148: 4-14. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(96)80287-2

[22] Bjorkman O, Demming B. Photon yield de O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at 77 K among vascular plants of diverse origins. Planta. 1987; 170: 489-504. [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00402983].

[23] Krause GH, Weis E. Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: the basis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 1991; 42: 313-349. [https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.42.060191.001525].

[24] Oliveira HO, Castro GLS, Correa LO, Silvestre WVD, Nascimento SV, Valadares RBS, et al. Coupling physiological analysis with proteomic profile to understand the photosynthetic responses of Young Euterpe oleracea palms to drought. Photosynthesis Res. 2019; 140(2): 189-205. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-018-0597-6].

[25] Bertolde FZ, Almeida AAF, Corrêa RX, Gomes FP, Gaiotto FA, Baligar VC et al. Molecular, physiological and morphological analysis of waterlogging tolerance in clonal genotypes of Theobroma cacao L. Tree Physiol. 2010; 30: 56–67. [https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpp101].

[26] Parolin P, Junk WJ, Piedade MTF. Gas exchange of six tree species from Central Amazonian floodplains. Tropical Ecol. 2001; 42(1): 15-24. [https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/20928].

[27] Waldhoff D, Furch B, Junk WJ. Fluorescence parameters, Chlorophyll concentration, and anatomical features as indicators for flood adaptation of an abundant tree species in Central Amazonia: Symmeria paniculata. Environ Exprimental Botany. 2002; 48: 225-235. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00037-0].

[28] Rengifo E, Tezara W, Herrera A. Water relations, Chlorophyll a fluorescence, and contents of saccharides in tree species of a tropical forest in response to flood. Photosynthetica. 2005; 43: 203-210. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-005-0034-x].

[29] Martinazzo EG, Perboni AT. Oliveira PV. Bianchi VJ. Bacarin MA. Atividade fotossintética em plantas de ameixeira submetidas ao déficit hídrico e ao alagamento. Ciênc Rural. 2013, 43(1): 35-41. [https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782012005000126].

[30] Mercado-Luna A. Nitrogen determination on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings by color image analysis (RGB). Afric J Biotechnol. Lagos. Aug. 2013; 9(33): 5326-5332. [https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/92074].